Personal pronouns (ich, du, er/sie/es, wir, ihr, sie/Sie) act as the subject and precede the conjugated verb.

Regular verbs add the endings -e/-st/-t/-en/-t/-en depending on the subject ich/du/er-sie-es/wir/ihr/sie-Sie.

Some verbs (sein, haben, and stem-vowel-changing verbs like fahren, sehen, nehmen) conjugate irregularly in the du/er-sie-es forms.

WH-questions start with a question word (wer, was, wo, wann, wie...), followed by the conjugated verb, then the subject.

Yes/No questions start directly with the conjugated verb, with no question word.

German nouns have 3 genders (der/die/das) and the definite article changes according to gender in the nominative.

'ein/eine' introduces an indefinite noun; 'kein/keine' negates a noun that would take an indefinite article or no article.

The accusative is the case of the direct object; only the masculine article/pronoun changes form compared to the nominative.

Possessive determiners (mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr/Ihr) take endings like 'ein', matching the gender/case of the following noun.

German nouns form the plural in several different ways (-e, -er, -(e)n, -s, or unchanged), which must be memorized with the vocabulary.

Modal verbs (können, müssen, wollen, möchten, dürfen, sollen) conjugate irregularly and push the main verb to the end of the sentence in the infinitive.

The imperative is used for requests/instructions and has 3 forms depending on the addressee: du, ihr, Sie.

Separable verbs have a prefix that detaches and moves to the end of the sentence when conjugated in present/simple past.

Most verbs form the perfect tense with 'haben' (conjugated) + past participle at the end of the sentence.

Verbs of motion or change of state (gehen, fahren, kommen, werden, sein...) form the perfect tense with 'sein' instead of 'haben'.

'kein' negates a noun that takes ein/eine or no article; 'nicht' negates verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or nouns with a definite article/possessive determiner.

The prepositions für, durch, ohne, um, gegen are always followed by a noun/pronoun in the accusative case.

The prepositions mit, nach, bei, seit, von, zu, aus are always followed by a noun/pronoun in the dative case.

9 prepositions (in, an, auf, über, unter, vor, hinter, neben, zwischen) take the dative when answering 'wo?' (location). At A1, the focus is only on the location use.

Ask/tell the time with 'Wie spät ist es? / Es ist...'; say 'at' using 'um' + time, 'am' + day/part of day, 'im' + month.

'es gibt' (there is/are) is always followed by the accusative, used for both singular and plural, with the subject always fixed as 'es'.

'gern' (like/gladly) is an adverb used with a verb to express liking something; the comparative is 'lieber', the superlative is 'am liebsten'.